ABSTRACT
@#A study on heavy metals accumulation and human health risk assessment in the consumption of two tropical freshwater eel species (A. bengalensis bengalensis) from the Sungai Perak at Kuala Kangsar, Perak and (A. bicolor bicolor) from the Air Hitam irrigation canal, Kampung Kuala Sanglang, Kedah was carried out. Specimens were examined and analyzed for Pb and Cd concentrations using ICP-MS while the total Hg concentration was measured using a direct mercury analyzer (MA-3000). The range for the total concentrations (µg/g wet wt.) in A. bicolor bicolor were 0.01-0.4 (Cd), 0.03-0.77 (Pb) and 0.36-0.94 (Hg) while for A. bengalensis bengalensis, they were 0.76-1.23 (Cd), 0.01-0.10 (Pb) and 0.27-1.5 (Hg). A. bengalensis bengalensis (Sungai Perak) showed a significant strong relationship between Hg/Pb (r = .771, P < 0.05) and A. bicolor bicolor (Air Hitam irrigation canal) with Cd/Pb (r = -.895, P < 0.05) in muscle tissues and the results indicated Hg and Pb were introduced from point and non-point sources, therefore it is of concern. Interspatial comparison with the findings of previous local and international studies showed both species of freshwater eels accumulated Hg to high levels, exceeding the safe limits stipulated in the Malaysian Food Act of 1984, Food Regulations (1985) and USEPA (1997). However, the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI) indicated that both freshwater eel spp. from the studied sites are safe to consume as there is no risk posed from consumption based on the health risk assessment results as Pb, Cd and Hg concentrations were under the permissible limits of nutrient intake.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the safety limits of amygdalin in the Chinese patent medicines and Chinese herbal medi-cines,so as to provide reference for establishing the standard in the safety limits of endogenous cyanide glycosides as toxic ingredients. Methods The toxicity differences between D-amygdalin and L-amygdalin were explored by CCK-8 assay. The daily safe dose of amyg-dalin was deduced by the no-observed-adverse-effect level(NOAEL)of cyanide. Based on the deduced results,the safety limits of amygdalin in thirty-six Chinese patent medicines and three different kinds of Chinese herbal medicine were calculated. Results The half maximal inhibitory concentration of D-amygdalin and L-amygdalin was(3.5±2.0)and(6.6±0.4)mmol/L,respectively,and the daily safe dose of amygdalin was 104.30 mg. Conclusion The toxicity of D-amygdalin was approximately two times that of L-amygda-lin. To establish the safety limits of amygdalin,the sum content of the epimer could be regarded as the D-amygdalin itself to enlarge the safety scope. The content of amygdalin of three Chinese patent medicines was determined to exceed the maximum safety limit for all measured batches,indicating some kind of safety risk. Moreover,in the researches on safety limit establishment,the toxicity-alleviat-ed processing effect should be included.